By J.L. Bueso
Integrates primary innovations from algebraic geometry, localization conception and ring concept, and demonstrates how each one subject is superior by means of interplay with others, supplying new effects inside a typical framework. Technical conclusions are offered and illustrated with concrete examples.
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Q Z(a) as well. 9) Lemma. Let a be a radical in R—mod and assume a to be symmetric or R to be left noetherian. If P E Spec(R), then P E Z(a) if and only if P Proof. First assume a to be symmetric and let a(R/P) 0, for some P e Spec(R). , such that Jr c P, for some twosided ideal I E £2(a). But then, since P is prime, I c P and P E Z(a), indeed. Next, assume R to be left noetherian. If P K(a), then 0 a(R/P) c R/P. 6) that there exists a regular element a(R/P). C(a), which proves the assertion. 10) Lemma.
0 is fairly easy to see that endowed with this Rbimodule structure may be viewed as the localization of M at a in In fact, it the Grothendieck category of R-bimodules, cf. Note also that, although is a left Q(R)-module, it is only a left R-module, and not necessarily a right Qa(R)-module, in general. 16) Although localization at radicals appears to behave roughly as localization with respect to multiplicative sets (in the commutative case) or, more generally, at sets (in the noncommutative case), there are some big differences.
Assume there is another extension f" : M —+ E, then g = f' — f" vanishes on N, hence factorizes M/N —p E. However, since M/N E 7 and E E Ta, clearly through 0, hence f' = f ". , that E is a-closed, indeed. 0 Let us call a left R-linear map u : N Ker(u) and Coker(u) are a-torsion. 4) Proposition. If E is a a-closed left R-module, then for any aisomorphism u : N —* M, the canonical map Homft(u, E) : HomR(M, E) HomR(N, E) is bijective. Proof. Since Ker(u) E 7, clearly any f E HomR(N, E) vanishes on Ker(ti), hence uniquely factorizes over N/Ker(u).